The Texas building code, officially referred to as the Texas Industrialized Housing and Buildings (IHB) Code, serves as a comprehensive framework for regulating construction, alteration, relocation, and maintenance activities across the state. It sets critical guidelines to ensure safety, functionality, and compliance in building management.
However, because Texas is a home rule state, building code adoption occurs primarily at the local level. This means individual municipalities may decide which codes to adopt, how they are enforced, and where exceptions might apply.
More so, the IHB Code itself references and mandates compliance with several other standards, such as the International Existing Building Code (IEBC), adding another layer of complexity for builders, developers, and homeowners navigating the Texas IHB Code.
Questions often arise about which codes apply, how they differ across cities and counties, and where to find specific requirements or exemptions.
To simplify this, this article explores:
- The scope and application of the Texas IHB Code.
- Related building codes it references and how they apply.
- Task and City specific building codes in Texas
- Answers to common questions about Texas building codes to help you stay compliant and informed.
To make it easier to find what you need, use the quick navigation table below to jump directly to the building code section you're looking for:
The scope and application of the Texas building code (The IHB Codes)
The Texas Building Code applies to a wide range of building activities, including construction, alteration, relocation, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment use, and occupancy. It also governs the location, maintenance, removal, and demolition of buildings or structures, as well as any connected or attached appurtenances. These provisions are detailed in TX BC 101.1 Title ('21) and TX BC 101.2 Scope ('21), as listed in the Upcodes directory, and align with R101.2 Scope in the ICC Digital Codes.
To provide comprehensive guidance, the code integrates several referenced codes to address specific aspects like existing buildings and accessibility. More so, the IHB Code also includes provisions for resolving conflicts with other state-specific regulations. For example, TX BC 101.2 Scope ('21) explicitly states that if there is a conflict between this code and the Texas Occupations Code, Chapter 1202, or the rules outlined in 16 Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 70, the state-specific regulations take precedence. This ensures that Texas-specific legislation overrides the building code when necessary.
Finally, the code allows for certain exceptions. For example, detached one- and two-family dwellings, as well as townhouses that are not taller than three stories and have independent means of egress, may comply with either the Texas Building Code or the International Residential Code (IRC).
The key referenced standards governing construction in texas
Referenced codes are external standards that the primary building code cites to cover specific topics such as mechanical, plumbing, energy conservation, and fire safety. These standards are mentioned in the main code documents and incorporated to ensure designers, builders, and inspectors can follow clear, modern standards for specific building systems, enhancing safety and simplifying compliance.
Here are the key building codes cited in the IHB:
1. 2018 International Mechanical Code (IMC)
The IMC Establishes minimum requirements for mechanical systems, promoting the use of new materials and methods. Key updates include pollution control units, revised duct requirements, and standards for large-diameter fans.
2. The 2018 International Residential Code (IRC)
The IRC covers a wide range of building elements including structural components, mechanical systems, electrical installations, plumbing systems, and energy efficiency. It is specifically cited to ensure residential buildings meet certain safety and performance standards. For example, in TX EBC 101.2 Scope ('21), the IRC applies an exception to detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses not more than three stories above grade plane in height. That way, it offers alternatives and specific guidelines for disconnected residential structures like townhouses where necessary.
3. 2018 International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC)
The IFGC governs fuel-gas piping systems, fuel gas appliances, and gaseous hydrogen systems to ensure safety in their installation and maintenance. New guidelines include the use of arc-resistant CSST, Schedule 10 steel pipes, and updated venting requirements. Its provision is covered in TX FGC 101.1 Title ('21) and TX FGC IFGC/IFGS Chapter 8 Referenced Standards ('21)
4. 2018 International Plumbing Code (IPC)
The 2018 International Plumbing Code (IPC) sets essential standards for the design and installation of plumbing systems, ensuring safe water supply and waste removal. Within the Texas Industrialized Housing and Buildings (IHB) framework, it provides clear guidelines for compliance with local regulations in both industrial and residential buildings. Latest updates include gender-neutral single-toilet facilities, solar water heating standards, and compliance for well systems. More details can be found in sections TX FGC IFGC/IFGS Chapter 8 Referenced Standards ('21) and TX PC CODE ('21)
5. 2018 International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC)
Within the Texas IHB framework, the ISPSC is referenced to maintain compliance with national safety standards for pools and spas. It establishes safety and design standards for swimming pools and spas to protect public health and the environment– covering essential features like barriers, water quality, and entrapment protection, ensuring comprehensive safety measures. More details can be found in sections TX BC 35 Referenced Standards ('18) and TX BC 35 Referenced Standards ('21). Recent updates address hot water tank standards, solar heating systems, and sensory deprivation tanks.
6. 2015 International Green Construction Code (IGCC)
For Texas, the implementation of the IGCC within the IHB framework ensures that sustainability measures are adopted in compliance with both state and national regulations, supporting long-term ecological objectives. The 2015 International Green Construction Code (IGCC) provides a comprehensive set of building codes that focuses on enhancing energy efficiency, conserving water, and improving indoor air quality in buildings, applying to both commercial and residential constructions. More details can be found in sections TX BC 35 Referenced Standards ('18) and TX BC 35 Referenced Standards ('21)
Texas building code for stairs
1. Stairway dimensions
- Reference: Stairway Dimensions
- Chapter: 8 (Existing Building Code)
- Summary: Stairways must have a minimum width of 22 inches (559 mm) with maximum riser height and minimum tread depth defined to ensure safety. Landings are required to be at least 40 inches (1016 mm) wide and 36 inches (914 mm) long to provide adequate space.
2. Spiral stairways
- Reference: Spiral Stairways
- Chapter: 10 (Building Code)
- Summary: Spiral stairways are permitted in dwellings or small spaces if they meet specific standards, including a minimum tread depth of 6¾ inches (171 mm), headroom clearance of 78 inches (1981 mm), and a clear width of 26 inches (660 mm) at and below the handrail.
3. Stairway enclosures
- Reference: Supplemental Stairway Enclosure Requirements
- Chapter: 8 (Existing Building Code)
- Summary: In buildings with large work areas, stairways must be enclosed with smoketight construction, starting from the highest work area floor downward unless otherwise exempted by relevant codes.
4. Roof access
- Chapter: 10 (Building Code)
- Summary: Stairways providing roof access must comply with safety standards, allowing access through a penthouse or roof hatch under specified conditions to ensure safety and usability.
These codes aim to maximize safety for building occupants while also providing flexibility for different architectural designs.
Texas building code for dryer vents
1. Vent length and installation
- Reference: Dryer Vent Length and Installation
- Summary: Dryer vents must not exceed a specified length (typically around 35 feet in a straight line) to ensure effective expulsion of lint and moisture. Adjustments to length are made for bends, with reductions applied for each 90-degree turn.
2. Vent material
- Chapter: 4 (Building Code)
- Summary: Dryer vents must be constructed of rigid metal ducts with a smooth interior finish to minimize lint buildup and reduce fire risks.
3. Backdraft dampers
- Reference: Backdraft Dampers
- Chapter: 4 (Building Code)
- Summary: Backdraft dampers are recommended in the absence of natural ventilation to prevent air backflow when the dryer is not in use, enhancing system efficiency and safety.
Texas building code for decks
1. Elevation and foundation
- Reference: Decks and Porches
- Chapter: 3 (Building and Planning)
- Summary: Decks attached to buildings, especially in flood-prone areas, must comply with elevation and foundation requirements. Proper cantilevering, knee-bracing, or attachment to the main structure ensures stability and prevents damage during natural events like flooding.
2. Materials
- Reference: Termite Resistance
- Chapter: 5 (Floors)
- Summary: Deck materials, including plastic composites, stair treads, and handrails, must be termite resistant in accordance with ASTM D7032 standards, ensuring durability and long-term safety.
3. Fire resistance
- Reference: Roof Decks and Balconies
- Chapter: 23 (Wood) and 7 (Fire and Smoke Protection Features)
- Summary: Decks must be constructed using materials that comply with fire resistance standards. Heavy timber or equivalent fire-resistant materials are required for combustible building projections.
4. Design and construction
- Reference: Decks and Porches
- Chapter: 3 (Building and Planning)
- Summary: Decks in high-hazard areas must remain in place during adverse conditions or break away safely to avoid structural damage. Solid, rigid enclosures are not permitted, allowing water flow to minimize flood damage.
These points highlight essential considerations while planning a deck project in Texas to ensure it meets safety standards and legal compliance.
Texas building code for windows
1. Material and framing
- Reference: Windows
- Chapter: 8 (Interior Finishes)
- Section: 802.6
- Year: 2018
- Summary: Show windows on the first story above the grade plane may be constructed with wood or unprotected metal framing, allowing for architectural flexibility while adhering to safety and durability standards.
2. Fire protection and smoke ventilation
- Reference: Smoke Removal
- Chapter: 4 (Special Detailed Requirement Based on Occupancy and Use)
- Section: 403.4.7
- Year: 2021
- Summary: In high-rise buildings, windows must facilitate smoke removal during post-fire operations. Manually operable windows or panels, spaced at intervals not exceeding 50 feet around the perimeter, must provide at least 40 square feet of operable area per 50 linear feet. Fixed windows are permitted if they can be cleared by firefighters.
3. Bay and oriel windows
- Reference: Bay and Oriel Windows
- Chapter: 7 (Fire and Smoke Protection Features)
- Summary: These windows must match the building’s construction type. Combustible materials are permitted if they meet the building’s construction classification. Fire-retardant-treated wood is acceptable in buildings up to three stories tall under specific conditions.
4. Windborne debris regions
- Reference: Windborne Debris Protection
- Chapter: 17 (Special Inspection and Test)
- Section: 1709.5.3
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Windows in windborne debris-prone regions must comply with guidelines to withstand extreme conditions as outlined in Section 1609.2, ensuring safety and durability.
Texas building code for roof decking
1. Concealed spaces
- Reference: Roof Decks
- Chapter: 23 (Wood)
- Section: 2304.11.4
- Year: 2018, 2021
- Summary: Roof designs must either exclude concealed spaces or comply with regulations for enclosed spaces to enhance fire safety by reducing hidden cavities that could spread fire.
2. Construction and materials
- Summary: Roof decks must be constructed with materials providing equivalent fire resistance and structural integrity, ensuring compliance with safety standards even when alternative materials are used.
3. Weather protection
- Reference: General Roof Coverings
- Chapter: 15 (Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures)
- Summary: Roof decks require approved coverings securely attached to the building structure. Installations must comply with manufacturer instructions and code specifications for weather protection.
4. Anchoring
- Chapter: 23 (Building Code)
- Summary: Roof decks supported by walls must be securely anchored using steel bolts, lags, screws, or other approved hardware to ensure structural integrity under various environmental conditions.
5. Roof coverings
- Reference: General Roof Coverings
- Chapter: 15 (Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures)
- Section: 1503.1
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Roof coverings for decks must be approved and securely attached to the structure. Proper installation must adhere to manufacturer guidelines and building code specifications for durability and weather protection.
Texas building code for bathrooms
1. Accessibility
- Reference: Additional Toilet and Bathing Facilities
- Chapter: 3 (Provisions for all compliance methods)
- Section: 306.7.13
- Year: 2021
- Summary: When adding toilet fixtures in facilities like assembly or mercantile occupancies, at least one accessible family or assisted-use toilet room must be provided, ensuring compliance with accessibility standards outlined in Section 1110.2.1 of the International Building Code.
2. Smoke alarm installation
- Reference: Installation Near Bathrooms
- Chapter: 9 (Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems)
- Section: 907.2.11.4
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Smoke alarms must be placed no less than 3 feet from the door or opening of a bathroom containing a bathtub or shower. This placement prevents false alarms caused by steam while maintaining proper functionality as required by the code.
Texas building code for smoke detectors
1. Installation in residential buildings
- Reference: Smoke Alarm Placement for Residential Groups R-2, R-3, R-4, and I-1
- Chapter: 9 (Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems)
- Section: 907.2.10.2
- Year: 2018
- Summary: Smoke alarms must be installed:
- Outside each sleeping area (e.g., hallways leading to bedrooms).
- Inside every room used for sleeping.
- On every floor level, excluding crawl spaces and attics.
2. Placement near bathrooms
- Reference: Installation Near Bathrooms
- Chapter: 9 (Building Code)
- Section: 907.2.10.4 (2018), 907.2.11.4 (2021)
- Year: 2018, 2021
- Summary: Smoke alarms must be installed at least 3 feet horizontally from bathroom doors or openings containing a bathtub or shower to avoid false alarms caused by steam. Exceptions apply if this placement prevents compliance with other smoke alarm requirements.
3. General areas
- Reference: Smoke Detectors for General Areas
- Chapter: 9
- Section: 907.2.18.1
- Year: 2021
- Summary: At least one smoke detector, suitable for the intended purpose, must be installed in key areas such as mechanical rooms, elevator lobbies, and main return/exhaust air plenums in multi-story buildings.
4. Existing buildings
- Reference: Bars, Grilles, Covers, or Screens
- Chapter: 7 and 5 (Existing Building Code)
- Summary: Smoke alarms must comply with safety standards applicable to existing buildings, ensuring they remain effective and meet prescribed safety provisions.
Texas building code for windstorm-resistant construction
In Texas, ensuring windstorm-resistant construction is a crucial aspect of building codes, especially in areas prone to strong winds, like coastal regions. The Texas building code addresses several critical areas for windstorm resistance:
1. Weather resistance of materials
- Reference: Weather Resistance
- Chapter: 14 (Exterior Walls)
- Section: 1406.6
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Exterior walls and materials, including Metal Composite Materials (MCM), must be designed to resist wind and rain. Compliance with Section 1402 and manufacturer instructions ensures durability and protection against weather elements, especially wind-driven rain.
2. Exterior wall envelope requirements
- Reference: Weather Protection
- Chapter: 14 (Exterior Walls)
- Summary: Building exteriors must provide a weather-resistant barrier to prevent water intrusion. This includes flashing, a water-resistive barrier behind exterior veneer, and features for draining water from the assembly to the exterior.
3. Structural design considerations
- Reference: Balconies and Similar Projections
- Chapter: 7 (Fire and Smoke Protection Features)
- Summary: While specific windstorm-resistant details are not outlined here, elements like balconies constructed with heavy timber or fire-retardant materials may reflect similar resilience requirements, ensuring both weather and fire safety.
Texas plumbing code for water heaters
In Texas, the construction and installation of water heaters are guided by specific provisions to ensure safety and functionality. The Texas IHB Plumbing Code of 2021 provides clear definitions and guidelines regarding water heaters.
Here are the key aspects:
1. Definition
- Reference: Water Heater
- Chapter: N/A
- Section: TX PC WATER HEATER, TX MC WATER HEATER
- Year: 2021
- Summary: A water heater is defined as any heating appliance or equipment designed to heat potable water and distribute it through the potable hot water system.
2. Installation
- Reference: Water Heater Installation
- Chapter: 1 (Fuel Gas Code and Plumbing Code)
- Section: TX FGC WATER HEATER, TX PC 101.2 Scope
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Water heater installations must comply with the International Fuel Gas Code to prevent hazards such as gas leaks. Proper installation ensures safety and system integrity.
3. Proper venting
- Reference: Venting Systems
- Chapter: 1 (Plumbing Code)
- Section: TX PC 101.2 Scope
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Venting systems for water heaters must adhere to specific regulations to safely disperse combustion gases and prevent the buildup of harmful gases inside buildings.
4. Manufacturer specifications
- Reference: Manufacturer Instructions
- Chapter: N/A
- Section: TX PC WATER HEATER
- Year: 2021
- Summary: Installation must follow the manufacturer's instructions to ensure proper assembly, operational efficiency, and warranty compliance.
Houston Texas building codes
In Houston, Texas, the building code has some unique provisions that differentiate it from general provisions found in other jurisdictions. The requirement for Lake Houston Structures is a prominent one.
Specific to the Houston Existing Building Code, any alterations, repairs, additions, relocations of structures, and changes of occupancy must comply with certain provisions of the Construction Code, Building Code, and City Code. Additionally, additions to existing buildings constructed in or on Lake Houston must conform to the more restrictive provisions of both the Building Code and the City Code. See HOU EBC 302.7 Lake Houston Structures ('15).
Fort Worth Texas building code
In Fort Worth, certain building code provisions stand out as unique compared to more general standards. Here are a few key areas where Fort Worth has distinct regulations:
- Flood hazard areas: Buildings located in flood hazard areas, as defined in Chapter 7, Article VIII of the City of Fort Worth Code of Ordinances, must be constructed to withstand flood hazards and loads. This regulation is reinforced across various contexts such as repairs, alterations, additions, and historic buildings. Sections 401.3, 701.3, and 1201.4 of the 2021 Fort Worth EBC cover this provision.
- Docks, piers, and boathouses: Specific requirements apply to any construction on bodies of water within Fort Worth's corporate limits. These include the necessity for a permit before beginning construction and compliance with any additional city department approvals, particularly for structures on Lake Worth.
Furthermore, docks, piers, and boathouses are generally classified under Group U occupancy, though other uses are possible with the correct zoning and department approvals. Please FTW BC 3601 General ('21), FTW BC 3603 Permit Required ('21), and FTW BC 3604 Use ('21), for detailed requirements.
- Building heights and areas: There are special provisions under Section 510 that allow for exemptions or modifications to the usual requirements concerning building heights and areas, depending on occupancy classification and type of construction. This provides more flexibility for certain construction projects. See FTW BC 506.1.2 Special Provisions ('21), FTW BC 510.1 General ('21), and FTW BC 504.1.2 Special Provisions ('21) for more information.
Dallas Texas building code
The building codes specific to Dallas, Texas, primarily align with the overall Texas building codes but can also incorporate unique local amendments to address the city’s specific needs. Here are some areas where Dallas stands out:
- Flood hazard areas: Dallas has special provisions related to flood hazard areas, where buildings and structures must comply with flood design requirements for new construction if they undergo substantial improvements.
This requires adherence to both the Dallas Building Code and the Dallas Development Code's Article V on floodplain regulations. These provisions are entailed in the following sections 503.2 (Flood Hazard Areas) and 502.3 Flood Hazard Areas of the Dallas Existing Building Code.
- Additions and structural requirements: When making additions to existing structures in Dallas, the area shouldn't exceed certain limits without meeting specific fire separation requirements. Such structural expansions must comply with Chapter 5 of the Dallas Building Code, unless exceptions like non-occupiable appendages are applicable. This provision is covered in section 1102.2 Area Limitations of the Dallas EBC.
- Construction safety: Safety during construction is governed by Chapter 33 of the Dallas Building Code. This chapter outlines the required safety measures during construction projects to ensure the protection of adjacent properties. The provision is highlighted in section 1501.1 Scope of the Dallas EBC.
- High-rise building Systems: For high-rise buildings, Dallas requires recirculating air or exhaust systems with capacities greater than 15,000 cubic feet per minute to be equipped with smoke and heat detection devices, as per the Dallas Mechanical Code. See section 902.1.1 of the Dallas EBC for reference.
Frequently Asked Questions
What can you build in Texas without a permit?
Are there construction projects in Texas that don’t require a permit? Yes, certain types of construction can be completed in Texas without a permit, depending on local regulations:
- Minor non-structural repairs: Basic repairs that do not alter structural components typically do not require a permit.
- Small structures: You may build small structures, like sheds or detached garages, without a permit if they meet size and usage criteria established by local jurisdictions.
- Fences: Building a fence below a certain height usually does not require a permit, but height restrictions vary by municipality.
- Interior decorative work: Projects such as painting, wallpapering, tiling, carpeting, or installing cabinets and countertops often do not need a permit.
Before starting any project, consult your local building department to confirm the requirements in your area. Regulations can vary widely, and local officials can provide guidance on activities that may be exempt from permitting.
Can I build my own shed in Texas?
Yes, you can build your own shed in Texas without needing a permit, provided it meets specific conditions:
- Size limitation: The shed must be a one-story detached accessory structure with a floor area of 200 square feet or less.
- Usage: It should be used for purposes like storage, a playhouse, or similar non-habitable uses.
- Compliance with local codes: Even if a permit isn’t required, the shed must still comply with local building codes and regulations.
Always check with your local building department before starting your project to confirm there are no additional restrictions or requirements in your area.
What is the minimum square footage for a house in Texas?
There is no universal minimum square footage requirement for houses across Texas. The minimum size is determined by local building codes and zoning laws, which can vary by city or county.
Key factors to consider:
- Local jurisdictions: Cities and counties set their own minimum size requirements for residential buildings. These can differ significantly depending on the location.
- Efficiency dwelling units: In some areas, an efficient living unit must have at least 220 square feet of living space, plus additional space for more than two occupants. Requirements also include separate closets, kitchen, and bathroom facilities.
Before planning construction, consult your local building authorities to confirm the specific size requirements in your area.